Ms. Esposito Cardiac Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ms. Esposito Cardiac - Case Study Example The assessment of the cardiovascular risk involves having enough information about the history of the family, body mass, blood pressure and obesity. Taking off the aspirin and the exercise she does by working in airline helps greatly in reducing the cholesterol and the fact that she does not smoke results to the normal lab findings. The small extra amount of her exercise also makes her body to function efficiently being also a cause for the normal results. The abnormal results such elevation of lipids and the weight results due to various reasons. First is because of her consumption of saturated fats which have been accumulated in her body leading weight issues and the lipid elevation. The wine consumption has also facilitated the results for the same as well as her background since both of her parents is facing the cardiovascular diseases which resulted in her father’s death. These abnormalities are a threat to her life thus she needs to take the necessary measures to minimize and eventually curb them completely. Documentation of her cardiovascular assessment is that although there is progress, she needs to avoid the saturated fats and instead consume vegetables or cheese that will provide the necessary oils and help her reduce the number of calories. The alcohol consumption also needs to avoid and more exercise to reduce the lipids elevation. This will be of great help in bettering her health.

The Invasions of Europe Essay Example for Free

The Invasions of Europe Essay On the later stage of the dark ages or the Middle Ages, Europe experienced loses from barbaric attacks by Vikings, Magyars and Moslem invaders which ranged from early 9th century up to 11th century. These invasions had made Roman Empire lost most of its land area as well as the trust of people to the Christian leaders. Vikings started their attack because of overpopulation in their homeland. They came first to England then to Iona, Ireland and the rest of the north and western part, destroying the most civilized part of the region and plundering the rich trading centers and monasteries. As each attack became successful, they would return in more numbers. Their invasions had become easier on them because they had their sail ships compared to their earlier invasions which was by foot. People started fearing to live in the coastal region. While some of the Vikings battle in the western half of Mediterranean, some began settling in the northwest of France and the others came to Moslem Spain and Great Britain. Chieftains would bribe them in order for Vikings not to attack their villages. Some groups such as Danes began the resistance and successfully defended England. As Normans settled down, they began to decrease in number. They became civilized and were converted to Christianity. They had lost their lust in plundering. During that period, in the other part of Europe, the Moslems had gone invading Spain, threatening Italy, droving out Byzantines in Sicily and southern Italy. They almost got into Rome. While Moslems continued their attack in the Mediterranean, Magyars began invading the east. These groups of invaders which simultaneously attacked from all sides had surrounded the European continent. Magyars invaded Germany each year. They had passed through Germany, France, Burgundy, all the way to Italy. While some of them continued to pursue their attacks at France, others left for Spain. Until the Magyar armies were annihilated by a German king Otto I, Europe became safe from invasions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of these invasions had contributed to the downfall of the rich Holy Roman Empire. But they experienced the worst attack from the Magyars mainly because during that time that they attacked, Europe was already suffering from attacks of Vikings and Moslems. There were almost no civilized regions left during that time and areas became less populated. They invasion became so damaging as they suffered simultaneous attacks from all sides.   As the Roman Empire tends to collapse, they failed to resist these attacks earlier because they had fewer warriors.   Some locals burn their fields not letting the barbarians have it. Most of the richest parts were prone to attack while monasteries were heavily subjected to being destroyed. People suffered heavily. They lost their lands, livelihood and their wealth. As they mourn, they ran to the church for comfort but they were disappointed as there were anomalies in the leader of the churches.   Some of them became robbers, adulterers, and murderers and converged into realms of politics. There were numerous replacements of popes. At a time there were â€Å"illegal doings† in the papal palaces. Some must have lost their trust in their belief. Yet, Christianity did not end there. It was reformed by Benedictine monks in France. As the Magyars were defeated during that time, they became converts to Christianity and settled at Hungary. Vikings were also converted to Christianity but one of the main reasons is that Christians didn’t want to trade with and marry non-Christians. During the latter course of Dark Ages, Europe gradually recovered from the invasion. Leaders were crowned but had conflicts with Christian leaders. There were tensions between them about who had the greatest power. And so the Dark Ages ended. References Kimball, C. (2001). Chapter 7: The Viking Era. A History of Europe. Retrieved December 7,   Ã‚  Ã‚   2007, from http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/europe/eu07.html. Knight, J. (2001). The Carolingan Age. Middle Ages: Almanac, 39-45. Retrieved December 7,    2007, from http://www.4shared.com/file/28008239/b4f1dc89/Gale_- _Middle_Ages_Reference_Library_Vols1-5.html [database].

Slaughterhouse Five Essay -- essays research papers

Novel Summary Billy Pilgrim is unstuck in time, and so is Slaughterhouse Five. Novel follows Billy's "unhinged" life. If I write every hop, skip, and jump, the summary would be as complicated as the book. These are the basic facts of Pilgrim's life; they are shown in chronological order (but are definitely not in the book): Billy Pilgrim is born in 1922 and grows up in Ilium, New York. He is a funny-looking youth, he does reasonably well in high school, enrolls in night classes at the Ilium School of Optometry, and is soon drafted into the army and the Second World War. He serves as a chaplain's assistant, then is thrown into the Battle of the Bulge, and almost immediately gets taken prisoner behind German lines. Just before being captured, though, he becomes unstuck in time for the first time. He sees all of his life in one sweep. Billy is transported with other privates to the city of Dresden. There, the prisoners are made to work for their stay. They are kept in a forme r slaughterhouse. Allied forces bomb the city, then drop gasoline to create a firestorm that sucks most of the oxygen into the blaze, suffocating or burning 130,000 people. Billy and his fellow POWs survive in an airtight meat locker. They emerge to find, "a moonscape of destruction". Several days later, Russian forces capture the city and Billy's help in the war is over. He returns to Ilium and finishes optometry school. He gets engaged to the daughter of the founder of the school. Afte...

Overcoming Obstacles as a Teacher in the Modern Day Essay

The teaching profession has always been a highly esteemed and revered occupation due to the fact that educators impart knowledge into the minds of every single individual throughout the population, whether the student decides to be a doctor, engineer, mechanic, politician or artist in adulthood, the foundation of their learning has came from a highly dedicated and resourceful educator. However, when examining this occupation in greater detail it can be observed that there are countless obstacles that effective teachers face every day. It is common knowledge that children have a short attention span and their teacher has the role of planning lessons, which engage the learner and guarantee that the lesson is one that interacts with the student and encourages them to be involved. They also must be aware of different methods to implement that will see the child remembering the material and retaining the information that the teacher is presenting for the future lessons. When teaching in the classroom, educators must be prepared when confronted with children showing ill desired and disruptive behaviours. It is the method in which the teacher reacts to these behaviours that will pave the way for the remainder of the year, if the teacher reacts in the correct manner and demonstrates to the child the expectations within the classroom then it can be anticipated that the student will understand what is and isn’t acceptable, a certain challenge. Attention is where learning begins and therefore attracting and upholding student attention is paramount (Curtindale, Laurie-Rose, Bennett Murphy, 2007). Attention capacity and duration is limited for every individual, this needs to be acknowledged in the classroom and strategies need to be formed to prevent students from neglecting important information in class. Learners find it particularly difficult and their attention easily shifts from one stimulus to another, caused by not only distractions from other students but also from outside the classroom. When students find it difficult to concentrate this can negatively impact not only their own learning but also the learning of others. Therefore, teachers must control and provide an environment that engages and holds students attention whilst teaching imperative material. Eggen (2010) states that effective teachers plan their lessons so students attend to what is being taught and ignore irrelevant stimuli. They must ensure that their lesson will be one that learners can actively be involved in and interact with, not just submissively require students to listen to what is needing to be taught, but experience it. Teachers may employ a variety of strategies to do this, from demonstrations to discrepant events and thought provoking questions. Another fundamental approach that creates an environment of achieving ones attention is calling on students by name. This guarantees that learners are aware that the teacher will not only call on the class as a whole but may call on them individually, by name, resulting in a need to be attentive. Chapin, O’Connor and Anderson (2009) make an interesting point however that as teachers we need to be mindful when calling on students to participate and remind them of their right to pass or ask for more time before answering in the classroom. The obligation to participate in a classroom does not equate to an obligation to give answers on demand† (Chapin et al. , 2009). When teachers practice these strategies for holding their learners attention and ensure that they are apart of the teaching not just observing it, the likelihood of the student’s memory retaining the material is also greatly increased. Another obstacle faced by teachers in the classroom is that of their learners retaining the material taught throughout the term, from one lesson to another. If any student in the class is having difficulty remembering the previous lesson, they have a high risk of falling behind in their learning and development, which can then lead to troubling behaviour. There are certain aspects of memory retention that must be understood and practiced in the classroom for students to achieve learning targets and overcome this impediment. These techniques are employed to take knowledge from a child’s working memory and encode it to be stored within their long term memory, ensuring that they are then able to recall this understanding and build upon it in future lessons. Schema activation is one such encoding strategy that involves activating prior knowledge so that new knowledge can be connected to it (Eggen 2010). One of the most effective ways of activating a student’s prior knowledge is through conducting reviews of the previous lesson before embarking on the new learning material. This ensures that the students form conceptual connections between what they have already learnt in the past and the material that they are about to be taught. Another effective method of encoding is material organisation, where related items of content are athered into categories that assist in illustrating the relationships between them. This can take the form of charts, models, outlines and hierarchies, which are all examples of organization systems. With the connections easily observable and the information well organized, the student is then able to retrieve this knowledge more easily, as stated by Ormrod (2006, pg190), Long-term memory retrieval is the process of â€Å"remembering previously stored information and â€Å"finding† it in memory†. If strategies are put in place by the educator in the classroom, the students will experience a greater retention of material and a greater ease at â€Å"finding† stored information from past lessons, also making certain that they are less likely to be disruptive and display adverse behavior, an obstacle that all teachers desire to prevent if possible. Classrooms are busy and often hectic places in which groups of students vary in interests and abilities must be organized and directed, in ways that maximize education and minimize disruptions. It is imperative that the teacher responsible for each class is equipped with knowledge and strategies that can be implemented when faced with undesirable behaviour from students. First and foremost, a teacher must show withitness within the classroom, they must notice the behavior of all students and respond quickly to unexpected events. The students will be much less likely to attempt negative behaviour knowing that the teacher is aware of every action and movement that occurs and the knowledge that there is a consequence, either positive or negative for every action. When faced with ill desired behaviour from a student, the teacher must first establish whether the student is going to take responsibility for their actions and if not, implement behavioral interventions – either reinforcement or punishment to ensure that the student understands that there are consequences for adverse behaviour. One approach that would create a rational response to the student’s behaviour would be to implement a negative reinforcement – for example, by taking away 5 minutes of the students free art time on Friday afternoon, whilst the rest of the class, has their full 30 minutes. Alternatively the teacher may use their judgment and decide to implement an effective form of punishment for the student instead. This may be a simple timeout for the misbehaving child or a more severe detention during their lunch break or after class. Regardless of the tactic that the teacher decides to use with this misbehaving student, once the student understands that there are consequences for poor behaviour, the probability of this behaviour continuing is scarce. Children that act in this manner and misbehave in class often look to their role model for discipline and in many situations their teacher may be their only adult role model in their life and therefore it is imperative that these situations are handled appropriately. In conclusion, it can be observed that there are many challenges that a teacher must overcome in their normal day-to-day occupation, with a majority of them that go unseen to the general public. Initially they must obtain the student’s attention and curiosity and then maintain it throughout the class, whilst having lessons planned around engaging the students and allowing them to experience what is being taught. They then must ensure that the pupil is being taught in a way that will ensure their long term memory to guarantee that they will remember the material and therefore build upon it in future lessons. Teachers must also be equipped with strategies and techniques to overcome ill desired behaviour from students in a way that creates an understanding of the expectations and classroom rules. Fortunately there are many teachers and educators that have gone before and paved the way for the future graduates, they have been willing to share their ideas, examples and methodology in regards to what they have found that has been successful and what has not. Techniques such as calling students by name to gain their attention, organizing new learning material in such a way that makes it easier for the students to retrieve it from their memory and implementing reinforcements in place of harsh punishment for students that are testing the boundaries within the classroom. This knowledge and experience from other mentors in the industry guarantees that the classroom of the future is not only a brighter place to be but also a well informed one.

Organizational Performance Essay

1) Explain how organizational structure can impact organizational performance. Structures of any kind is important in any situation or career field. Structure provides a sense of accountability to individuals. Rules and guidelines are enforced and adhered to for the purposes of not only attaining control of the workforce but to also ensure every team member has total understanding of their role. Employees are assured their efforts are important to the overall goal of the organization. Structure equates discipline; discipline as well as stern communication is key of any successful business. (Green, 2015) 2) Discuss how organizational culture is shaped and how it influences organizational performance. Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met (Droege, 2015). Management should be able to motivate subordinates, and understand each employee’s characteristics. This Intel’s mainly on strengths and weaknesses of an individual. By management understanding the workforce this action enriches the morale of the organization and reinforces positive organization performance. : http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Structure.html#ixzz3SaRfcWdA 3) Discuss the benefits and consequences of organizational politics. Organization politics is dangerous and toxic as any other politics. The motives are perceived as positive but yet somehow yield negative results. This could be brought upon because of many selfish schemes to progress individually or even personal propaganda in which leaves a lot of issues of the people unattended to. Benefits could be of simple nature. Depending upon the complex of the problem, and how many employees it could potent effect. According to†organizational politics can be a nasty business where people promote their own self-interests at the expense of company goals. It can also be secretive, and it can cause us to doubt the intentions of other people† (Witt, L.A. (1998) Witt, L.A. (1998) Enhancing Organizational Goal Congruence: A Solution to Organizational Politics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 666-674. www.businesspsych.org

Atomic Number 6 - Carbon or C

Atomic Number 6 - Carbon or C Carbon the element that is atomic number 6 on the periodic table. This nonmetal is the basis for life as we know it. Fast Facts: Atomic Number 6 Element Name: CarbonAtomic Number: 6Element Symbol: CAtomic Weight: 12.011Element Group: Group 14 (Carbon Family)Category: Nonmetal or MetalloidElectron Configuration: [He] 2s2  2p2Phase at STP: SolidOxidation States: Usually 4 or -4, but also 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3Discovery: Known to the Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)Recognized as an Element: Antoine Lavoisier (1789) Element Atomic Number 6 Facts Each atom of carbon has 6 protons and electrons. The element naturally exists as a mix of three isotopes. Most of this carbon has 6 neutrons (carbon-12), plus there are small amounts of carbon-13 and carbon-14. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable. Carbon-14 is used for radioisotope dating of organic material. A total of 15 isotopes of carbon are known.Pure carbon can take any of several different forms, called allotropes. These allotropes exhibit markedly different properties. For example, diamond is the hardest form of any element, while graphite is very soft, and graphene is stronger than steel. Diamond is transparent, while other forms of carbon are opaque gray or black. All of the allotropes of carbon are solids at room temperature and pressure. The discovery of the allotrope fullerene won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.The element name carbon comes from the Latin word carbo, which means coal. The element symbol for atomic number 6 is C. Carbon is among the elements known in pure form by ancient mankind. Primitive man used carbon in the forms of soot and charcoal. The Chinese knew of diamonds as early as 2500 BCE. Credit for the discovery of carbon as an element is given to Antoine Lavoisier. In 1772, he burned samples of diamond and charcoal and proved each released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram. Carbon has the highest melting point of the pure elements at  3500  °C (3773 K, 6332  °F).Carbon is the second most abundant element in humans, by mass (after oxygen). Approximately 20% of the mass of a living organism is atomic number 6.Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe. The element forms in stars via the triple-alpha process in which helium atoms fuse to form atomic number 4 (beryllium), which then fuses with atomic number 2 (helium) to form atomic number 6.Carbon on Earth is constantly recycled via the Carbon Cycle. All of the carbon in your body once existed as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.Pure carbon is considered non-toxic, although inhaling it can cause lung damage. Carbon particles in the lung may irritate and abrade lung tissue, potentially leading to lung disease. Because the carbon particles resist chemical attack, they tend to remain in the body (except the digestive system) indefinitely. Pure carbon, in the forms of charcoal or graphite , may be safely ingested. It has been used since prehistoric time for making tattoos. The tattoos of Otzi the Iceman, a 5300-year-old frozen corpse, were likely made using charcoal. Carbon is the basis for the organic chemistry. Living organisms contain four classes of organic molecules: nucleic acids, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.The reason element atomic number 6 is so important for life is because of its electron configuration. It has four valence electrons, but the p-shell is most stable when it is full (octet) or empty, giving carbon a usual valence of 4 or -4. With four binding sites and a relatively small atomic size, carbon can form chemical bonds with a wide variety of other atoms or functional groups. Its a natural pattern maker, able to form polymers and complex molecules.While pure carbon is non-toxic, some of its compounds are lethal poisons. These include ricin and tetrodotoxin.In 1961, the IUPAC adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for the atomic weight system. Sources Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay Example Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay B. The basic construct of Piaget s theory of cognitive development. As we know, the celebrated theory of cognitive development was found by Jean Piaget. He was born in 1896 ( Newkirk, 2009 ) . Newkirk besides mentioned that Piaget was a theoreticians and besides a life scientist. Besides, the writer reported that Piaget did detecting his ain kids and attracted to alterations that occured and developed in kids s head and the factors behind these alterations. In add-on, Gartrell ( 2011 ) besides stated that Piaget s method by oppugning the kids is called as clinical method. Children started to develop their apprehension through their surrounding based on four phases of cognitive development. As mentioned by Gartrell the phases are the sensorimotor phase, preoperational phase, concrete operational phase and in conclusion formal operations phase. The first phase is sensorimotor phase which starts when the babes were born until age of 2 old ages old while 2nd phase starts around the age of 2 to 7 old ages ( Santrock, 2011 ) . The writer besides claimed about the other phases, that are the 3rd phase, concrete operational phase which lasts from 7 until 11 or 12 old ages old and in conclusion traveling to the 4th phase is formal operations phase. Compared to the other three phases earlier which affecting babes and kids, this last phase is affecting with the adolescence and maturity. This is the highest phase in cognitive development because this is where a individual can do such logical thinking and hypothesis ( Santrock, 2011 ) for illustration, non merely concrete events but besides towards abstract events such as feelings or inferencing scientific experiments. Furthermore, Santrock ( 2011 ) proposed that there are two basic inclinations that will travel together with these four phases, which are organisation and adaptation. Ormrod ( 2011 ) stated that organisation is possibility of a individual to manage their procedure of thought. It is besides called as strategies which means the edifice block of intelligent behaviour. Following, adaptation is the procedure of an person to accommodate to the environment ( Ormrod, 2011 ) . In the same manner, Ormrod stated that there are two basic procedures in adaptation which are assimilation and adjustment. Harmonizing to Krause, Bochner and Duchesne, knowledge is the mental procedures involved in perceiving, go toing to, understanding and remembering information ( 2007, p43 ) . Piaget s theory of cognitive is underline into the consciousness of head and thought. As kids are developing, their manner of thought started to alter from clip to clip consequently to the four phases. Piaget was non truly interested into the cognition holding by the kids but he was more fascinated by the manner of kids think, observe their surrounding and how they express it into addresss ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . The writers excessively found that Piaget and his theory are of import because he is the first theoreticians that came out with such theory about development of kids from the facet of cognitive and his thought is still be utilizing untill now even though it has been old ages. c. Discuss how the Piaget s theory apply to child development. Self development is really of import in kids s life because it develop in them while they are turning up. In Piaget s theory of cognitive development, he focused of four phases of kids development that are, sensorimotor phase as the first, secondly is preoperational phase, following concrete operational phase and last but non least formal operations phase. As explained earlier, sensorimotor phase is occured from the birth untill the age of 2 old ages. Harmonizing to Krause et al. , ( 2007 ) , babies in this phase will get down to develope their physiological reactions by making some motor activities and senses. They are seeking to understand the universe around them. For illustration, babies will demo happy look or express joying when we are badgering and snuggling with them, this shows that babies started to do sense things around them but with limited abilities because it is merely based on what they get through their senses. In sensorimotor, there are sub-stages that divided into 6 classs, that are physiological reactions, primary round reactions, secondary round reactions, coordination of reactions, third round reactions and early representional idea ( Brenda, 2010 ) . The first sub-stage is physiological reactions, harmonizing to Brenda ( 2010 ) this sub-stage is occured from the birth of the babies until 1 month old. During this phase, babies understand their surrounding by utilizing simple physiological reactions for illustration they will get downing to smile. Next, primary round reactions sub-stage is when the babies are 1 to 4 months. Assortment of actions will be perform. For case, babies are sucking his or her pollex, and as a consequence they will reiterate the same actions because it pleasure them. As it goes on, 3rd sub-stage is secondary round reactions which occured during 4 to 8 months. Brenda ( 2010 ) mentioned in this sub-stage, the babies will be making the same actions but it extends out to the environment such as replacing sucking their pollexs with gum elastic playthings. In other words the babies are holding betterment in their reactions. Furthermore, in 4th sub-stage which is coordination of reactions from the age of 8 to 12 months. They will get down to demo clear actions and observe others behavior other than get downing to develop ability in acknowledging the things that had been show n to them. As illustration, alternatively of sucking pollex, babies will replace it with their playthings. They may squash their gum elastic playthings, when it goes mooo mooo , they will acquire aroused and squash it once more. Krause et al. , ( 2007 ) proposed that the babies besides will understand that their playthings are exist even though they can non be seen or touch it or called it as object permanance . For illustration, a doll at first was played by baby, when we put and conceal it under cover the baby will be able to look for it. Babies who do non make this sub-stage will non be able to look for it, but they will merely non recognize it. As the babies are turning up to go yearlings, the sub-stages besides traveling to the following, third layman reactions where occured during yearling age 12 to 18 months. This is the clip where yearlings will larn the construct of trial-error experiments with the intent of acquiring attending ( Brenda, 2010 ) . Specifically, one of th e activity might be making by yearlings is hitting fork and spoon on the dining tabular array, merely to cognize what will go on, what sound will come out, and what are the reactions they will acquire from others. Krause et Al. called this procedure as goal-directed or knowing action ( 2007, p46 ) . Last but non least sub-stage is early representional talk, from the yearlings at age of 18 until 24 months old ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Based on the writers, this last sub-stage is where we can see the yearlings start to copy others. During this phase, people around them need to be careful and merely if possible demoing them the good side particularly their parents. This is because since parents are the closest people in yearlings life, they will detect what their parents are making. For illustration, if the female parents normally brushing the house at the forenoon, the yearlings will detect it and will make the same action of brushing the house even though it is without the broom. A s I experienced this excessively, during my visits to my aunty s place, she has a 19 months old yearlings. I realized that her child support following my manner of reading magazines and imbibing java from my mug. Even though the objects are non with the babe, but she followed my actions. In my sentiment, parents need to acquire close with yearling to assist their growing and seek to play game with them such as peek-a-boo game because this will assist the kids to strenghten their object-permanance ability and traveling to the following phases as Piaget had observed. The 2nd phase that apply to child development is preoperational phase, which occured within the age of 2 to 7 old ages old. Newkirk ( 2009 ) proposed that kids in this phase will develop from several facets. They will be more capable in the use of linguistic communication accomplishments for case they can explicate the objects by replacing it with images or words. But they still non be able to talk like grownup, they can at least utilize one or two-words sentences to delivered messages. Harmonizing to Newkirk, imaginativeness degree of kids in this phase will normally increase and they are more funny to all things alternatively of being logical. Unlikely the first phase, in this 2nd phase kids will pass more of their clip by seting function while they are playing. For case, kids ever pretend a box is a house for them to shelter. Even myself experienced that during my childhood. I built my alleged home by utilizing boxes and I create my ain family members utilizing my dolls to remai n in that house, I even pretend cooked repasts for my family . This prove that kids s imaginativeness during this phase is really high but they still need supervising from parents in instance they are exposed to unappropriate elements. Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) noted that there are three chief features of preoperational phase which are egoism, centration and animism. The writer define egoist as the individual who is unable to portion another individual s thought or position because the individual considered that all position are the same with he or she. Piaget s had done with the Three Mountain Tasks theoretical account experiments, and as the consequence the kids expects that the individual on other side of the theoretical account is seeing the same position as them ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Following is centration, the writers described the significance as the kids focus on one characteristic of jobs while disregarding other characteristics. For illustration, kids will non understa nd if we tell them Your sister is my girl because their ability is limited. Traveling on, the last characteristic is animism. In this characteristic, the writers claimed that kids belief that all things have lives. They considered inanimate objects have emotions and feelings like them. For illustration, a miss who age 3 old ages old ever talk with her teddy bear as the teddy bear is alive and answers her. Piaget s 3rd phase in kid development is concrete operational phase which is from the age of 7 to 11 old ages ( Santrock, 2011 ) . During this phase, kids are able to logically believe about the concrete events and get downing to extinguish their egoism which means they started to larn to see other s position excessively. Even though they are acquiring capable in the use of logic but they still holding the trouble in understanding the conjectural constructs ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . The writers besides claimed that there are several procedures in this phase that involve in kid development, that are reversibility where the kids have the ability to believe about the rearward event such as in mathematical resolution jobs where they need to add and deduct and add it back, secondly is seriation which menas the ability to mentally set things in order harmonizing to its characteristics for illustration size, weight, and tallness. Next is compensation, where the kids have the ability see th at something is increase because of something is decrease such as the tallness is increasing because of the breadth s decreasing and frailty versa. Besides, the 4th is classficiation which means the ability that kids have to call and place the sets or group of the objects by its characteristics such as size, colorss and visual aspect. Class inclusion is the 5th procedures mentioned by the writers which bring the significance of ability to understand that a little sum of groups can be combine to organize a big group as Krause et Al. called it as multiple categorization ( 2007, p53 ) . For illustration a auto can be include into it s trade name name such as Proton or under big group of vehicles. Last but non least the procedures found by Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) is preservation, whereby kids at last know that measures, or lenghts are non related at all to the agreement or visual aspect of the things. For illustration, a kid is presented with two same sized of bowls filled with flour, b ut when one of the full bowl flour is pour into jar with different sized he and she or he will still cognize that the measure of the flour is the same either it is in bowl or jar. Last, the 4th phases in Piagetian is formal operations which occur to 11 old ages old kids and beyond ( Santrock, 2011 ) . As we can see, this is the highest degree of kid development in Piaget s theory as it goes until our maturity. Santrock stated that in this stages people continue to develop ability of believing with presence of abstract construct. Logically, kids begin to take notes about the possibility of the effects of every events they experienced and besides started to believe in a formal manner. Besides, Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) suggested that kids in this phase are already cognize how to utilize deductive and inductive logical thinking. As the writer define deductive logical thinking as the potency of kids to utilize a general rule to find a specific result, on the other manus inductive logical thinking is utilizing and detecting specific result to include general rules. In this concluding phase besides kids will develop their job resolution activities. When come ining adol oscence, they are able to make systematic planning in their life and besides do a hypothesis, illation far better than phases before ( Brenda, 2010 ) . Overall, that are the four phases that involve in kid development until adolescence. d. Discuss how the Piaget s theory apply kids in preschool and early primary degrees. Preschool kids are fundamentally who are still develop their cognitive abilities in phase two, preoperational. As stated by Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) sing using Piaget s theory into preschoolchildren who are still in phase two, there will be at least two parties that involved in assisting to use this cognitive theory to kids foremost parents, secondly pedagogues or teachers.Moreover, by introduce to kids this construct means we are allowing them to be independent and research their universe by themselves. Preschool kids who are fundamentally age between 4 to 6 old ages are in preoperaional phase. As I explained in old sub-questions, kids in this phase has become more capable in obtaining linguistic communication accomplishments and utilizing it to stand for objects but still limited because they can non make the events where account demand to associate with concrete logic. First as parents, they must give freedom to their kids particularly preschool kids to play with their friends since kids in this phase will pass more of their clip with playing ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Nowadays, bulk of parents ever holding misconceptions, they think that they can non allow their kids play excessively much, in fact they should non excessively rigorous in commanding their kids. What parents should make is by allowing their kids play with their friends but do certain to supervising who are their friends. Logically, harmonizing to Krause et al. , by giving kids opportunity to play, they will research their universe while interacting with friends ( 2007 ) . Make a safe-mode topographic point for them to play so that they feels your attending towards them, during this procedure kids will meet some jobs. This is the right clip to allow them be independence by work outing their jobs but with supervising. Even though at first they might non truly capable in work outing it but it will be better as they go through this procedure and acquire cognition from what we called as hands-on experiences ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Besides, Ormrod suggested that parents should ever pass on with their kids particularly who are in this phase. This is because kids may experience left out if their parents are excessively busy and even do non hold clip to pass with them. In other manner, this besides a good chances to increas the degree of self-pride of the kids. On the other manus, instructors besides play an of import function in using preoperational phase towards preschool kids. Newkirk found out that since kids during this phase will normally be in egoism province, they do non recognize about other positions ( 2009 ) . So, as a instructor demand to cognize how to manage this state of affairs for illustration allowing the kids holding conversation with the equals in category will heighten their apprehension of others universe or instructors can make a inquiries and replies session with the preschool pupils. The intent of making that is because to increase the self regard of kids and to allow them hear others positions excessively so that their degree of egoism can be decrease. As an pedagogues, creactivity is needed to pull preschool kids in larning such as by utilizing ocular AIDSs to excite the kids s head ( Newkirk, 2009 ) . Examples of ocular AIDSs are like conveying props such as the existent fruits if instructors want to learn about type of fruits in category. After finished instruction, instructors can function the pupils with the fruits, and allow them hold the hands-on experience. The writer besides did mentioned that in order to develop preoperational phase between the kids, use things that are different for illustrations cue cards written words and inquire them to make sentences based on cards that they have or instructors can inquire the preschool pupils to work in a group. In add-on, interactions with equals will assist the preschool kids to better their cognitive development or it is called as disequilibrium ( Ormrod, 2011 ) . Why speaking with equals can assist the kids? This is because, logically the kids and equals are at the same age degree, so they can be more understanding between their group. How can we cognize if the kids are using preoperation phase in their cognitive development? Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) described that the development at each cognitive phases is called as mileposts. In this preoperational phase, Krause et Al. besides reported the kids s mileposts development is from the facet of thought and linguistic communication accomplishment whereby they know to replace objects with drawing, words or gestures. As for case, when kids are at shopping promenade, they are able to state their parents by indicating to the things that attract them such as playthings and dolls. Besides kids besides learnt to bring forth sound for illustration while they are playing with their soldier playthings, they can do sound like dush dush to bespeak the soldier playthings they are playing with are contending. In contrast, kids who do non develop good in this phase will no be able to distinguish between the life things and inanimate objects. For illustration, they are handling the ex istent cats and cat doll the same as both have feelings, emotions and cognize how to experience hungry whereas merely the living things can experience all that. In a nutshell, kids will make each phases when the preparedness come and they still need to be taught to steer to the right way. Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) did proposed that instructors and parents should non learn their kids the highest degree of phases if it is non the right clip by means the kids are merely non ready yet. e. Summary. In decision, I agreed with propose suggested by Ormrod ( 2011 ) , Piaget s theory have its ain benefits and disadvantegous. As Piaget s thought was the first to speak about cognitive development among kids, his thought is the celebrated one and still be used even until today. In my sentiment, Piaget s theory had changed people s position about kids development. Even though every bit reported by Newkirk ( 2009 ) , kids development are non ever traveling from each phase harmonizing to the age that Piaget s planned, but they still will traveling harmonizing to the phase either it is fast or tardily. Last but non least, execution of cognitive theory in kids development is really effectual as it will be really helpful towards the kids themselves as this theory aid to act upon kids in the facets of biological ripening, activities, societal experiences and equilibration.

Attila the Hun Timeline and History

Attila the Hun Timeline and History This timeline shows the significant events in the history of the Huns, with emphasis on the reign of Attila the Hun, in a simple one-page format. For a more-detailed recounting, please see the in-depth timeline of Attila and the Huns. The Huns Before Attila 220-200 B.C. - Hunnic tribes raid China, inspire the building of the Great Wall of China 209 B.C. - Modun Shanyu unites the Huns (called Xiongnu by Chinese-speakers) in Central Asia 176 B.C. - Xiongnu attack the Tocharians in western China 140 B.C. - Han Dynasty Emperor Wu-ti attacks the Xiongnu 121 B.C. - Xiongnu defeated by Chinese; split into Eastern and Western groups 50 B.C. - Western Huns move west to the Volga River 350 A.D. - Huns appear in Eastern Europe The Huns under Attila's Uncle Rua c. 406 A.D. - Attila born to father Mundzuk and unknown mother 425 - Roman general Aetius hires Huns as mercenaries late 420s - Rua, Attilas uncle, seizes power and eliminates other kings 430 - Rua signs the peace treaty with Eastern Roman Empire, gets a tribute of 350 pounds of gold 433 - Western Roman Empire gives Pannonia (western Hungary) to the Huns as payment for military aid 433 - Aetius takes de facto power over Western Roman Empire 434 - Rua dies; Attila and older brother Bleda take Hunnic throne The Huns under Bleda and Attila 435 - Aetius hires the Huns to fight against the Vandals and Franks 435 - Treaty of Margus; Eastern Roman tribute increased from 350 to 700 pounds of gold c. 435-438 - Huns attack Sassanid Persia, but are defeated in Armenia 436 - Aetius and the Huns destroy the Burgundians 438 - First Eastern Roman embassy to Attila and Bleda 439 - Huns join the Western Roman army in a siege of the Goths at Toulouse Winter 440/441 - Huns sack a fortified Eastern Roman market town 441 - Constantinople sends its military forces to Sicily, en route to Carthage 441 - Huns besiege and capture the Eastern Roman cities of Viminacium and Naissus 442 - Eastern Roman tribute increased from 700 to 1400 pounds of gold September 12, 443 - Constantinople orders military readiness and vigilance against Huns 444 - Eastern Roman Empire stops paying tribute to Huns 445 - Death of Bleda; Attila becomes sole king Attila, King of the Huns 446 - Huns demand for tribute and fugitives denied by Constantinople 446 - Huns capture Roman forts at Ratiaria and Marcianople January 27, 447 - Major earthquake hits Constantinople; frantic repairs as Huns approach Spring 447 - Eastern Roman army defeated at Chersonesus, Greece 447 - Attila controls all of the Balkans, from the Black Sea to the Dardanelles 447 - Eastern Romans give 6,000 pounds of gold in back-tribute, yearly cost increased to 2,100 pounds of gold, and fugitive Huns handed over for impaling 449 - Maximinus and Priscus embassy to the Huns; attempted assassination of Attila 450 - Marcian becomes Emperor of Eastern Romans, ends payments to Huns 450 - Roman princess Honoria sends ring to Attila 451 - Huns overrun Germany and France; defeated at Battle of Catalaunian Fields 451-452 - Famine in Italy 452 - Attila leads an army of 100,000 into Italy, sacks Padua, Milan, etc. 453 - Attila suddenly dies on wedding night The Huns After Attila 453 - Three of Attilas sons divide the empire 454 - The Huns are driven from Pannonia by the Goths 469 - Hunnic king Dengizik (Attilas second son) dies; Huns disappear from history

Americas post civil was growing pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Americas post civil was growing pains - Essay Example But during this period, a lot of people who entered America suffered a lot of pain because of discrimination. The treatment of whites and blacks were different, and it took a long time before everything in immigration was smoothed out. Two questions loom on this topic: Could events have been different if President Lincoln had not been assassinated, and how industrialization affected the lives of the American citizens during this period. To the first question: Could events in the Reconstruction period have been different if President Lincoln had not been assassinated. Yes, I believe it would have been because he had a lenient plan of transformation. The period of 1865–77 was called the Reconstruction Period in the U.S. history because it was a time when the federal government reinstated the states that had seceded during the war. It was a time when President Lincoln had to face many political and social issues such as â€Å"how to deal with the states when they were reunited, how to deal with the freed slaves, and how should Southern whites be treated† (Kelly, n.d.). If President Lincoln had it his way and if he had not been assassinated, he would have had lenient proposals for the seceded states. First, he wanted to consider those states that seceded on or at the outbreak of war as if they had not seceded. He wanted to grant pardon to southerners who participated in the war if they pledged allegiance to the United States. Second, President Lincoln would allow readmission of the state if it formed a government that would guarantee freedom of slaves, and if 10% of white voters in that state took an oath of allegiance to the US (Kelly, n.d.). His political opponents did not agree with this and after his death, made the reintegration difficult. To the second question: How industrialization and urbanization affected the life of the average working American during the period. It was significantly affected in many ways: economically, socially and cultura lly. The industrialization that started in early 1800s continued to grow steadily amidst the Civil War, although the American industry at that time was described to be typically small. However, after the war, when reforms were introduced, industrialization grew more tremendously as machines replaced hand labor, railroad network allowed marketing and distribution of goods in many areas, and inventions made work processes easier. Machines produced a greater number of goods, gave jobs to more people, and created specialization and labor division. As industrialization grew, the life of the average American was affected. Since businesses were situated in cities, people began to flock the cities in droves to look for work. The availability of jobs in cities attracted people from the farms to the cities. This situation, according to the website of theusa.online.com (n.d.), created an economic division of the rich and the poor, which was widely resented by the people. It had created the wea lthy, middle class and the underprivileged class of society. Immigration caused the population of America to grow by more than double, from 40 million to 100 million from 1870 to 1970 (theusa.online.com, n.d.) This period also depicts different pictures of an era. The South was economically behind the North because of the war while the frontier life of the West ended. The South remained to be an agricultural area all throughout the period of industrialization. The farming

Lap Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lap - Lab Report Example Turbidity, temperature, pH level, oxygen concentration, hardness, and concentration of elements like aluminum, nitrogen ions, phosphate ions, and ammonia molecules are examples of determinants of water quality (Miller and Spoolman, p. 532). Water sample was collected on Cherry Creek using a wide mouthed jar and the jar rinsed three times. The jar was then held from its base, immersed in water and then turned into the water current. Water was allowed to flow into the container for 30 seconds and filled up to the turbidity line. Turbidity chart was then held against the container and comparisons made to determine the water sample’s turbidity level that was recorded. Tests were then conducted for alkalinity level, pH dissolved oxygen, hardness, temperature, and nitrate and phosphate levels. Results were recorded for each measurement. The water sample reported a turbidity level of 20 jhu units, a value that is far beyond the recommended level of less than 1 jhu. The concentration of dissolved oxygen that was reported at 5 ppm is consistent with the recommended level of between 4 and 5 ppm. The alkalinity evel of the water sample was recorded at 400 ppm, far above the minimum recommended value of 30 while temperature was recorded at 160 c, a comparatively lower value than the recommended 250 c. The hardness measure also superseded the recommended minimum value of 60 ppm while the reported pH level was within the recommended range of between 5 and 9 units. Nitrogen, phosphate and ammonia levels were reported at 3, 2, and 0 units, values that are within the recommended levels of 3, 2.25, and 1.5 units respectively (Twort, Ratnayaka and Brandt 222- 225). The sample’s low temperature was lower than the recommended levels for water quality. Its biological properties, as reported through turbidity level, also identify excess pollutants and hence poor quality. The chemical properties in alkalinity level, pH level, and

Review and analysis designers in Objectified A documentary film by Movie

And analysis designers in Objectified A documentary film by Gary Hustwit - Movie Review Example Such an understanding, for designers, should weave into nearly all areas of human interest. This position reinforces the view that designers should seek to create solutions through their products and to meet the material and non-material needs of the consumers. Material goods and design products are embraced as aspects of culture in the sense that they create a sense of identity to the targeted consumers (Lipton 116). Perhaps it would be necessary to regard the mixture of the designers within the broad subject of globalization and the liberalization of market. According to the various speakers in the documentary, many of these designers are driven largely by forces beyond their creative impulse. The documentary provides various examples where designs have evolved in response to certain difficulties or a shift in preferences within cultures, groups, or communities. The design of kitchenware, for instance is largely conditioned by matters of convenience. Basing on the opinions supplied by various speakers in the documentary, it is important for designers to seek an understanding of various cultural aspects that determine people’s values and practices. Such an understanding enhances the capacity of designers to develop products that respond to the specific needs of populations. The Japanese are cited severally and variously as people with close attachment to their culture. The Japanese designers often tend to infuse cultural aspects into their product in a manner that balances the cultural aesthetics and the utilitarian value of the products (Ashoraft 2). On this score, it becomes important to consider the cultural forces that provide the creative synergies of products from Asia and other parts of the world. Moreover, the documentary provides evidence that designers have to rely on the outside world and the needs of the markets and targeted end users to develop products that meet specific objectives. Designers have to work together with

Finance market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance market - Essay Example RWT basically stated that speculative price changes were independent and identically distributed, so that the past price data had no predictive power for future share price movements. RWT also stated that the distribution of price changes from transaction to transaction had finite variance. In addition, if transactions were fairly uniformly spread across time and were large in numbers, then the Central Limit Theorem suggested that the price changes would be normally distributed. Kendall (1953) calculated the first differences of twenty-two different speculative price series at weekly intervals from 486 to 2,387 terms. He concluded that the random changes from one term to the next were large and obfuscated any systematic effect which may be present. In fact, he stated that 'the data behaved almost like a wandering series' (random walk). Specifically, an analysis of share price movement revealed little serial correlation, with the conclusion that there was very little predictability of movements in share prices for a week ahead without extraneous information. In 1959, Roberts generated a pattern of market levels and changes akin to real levels and changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Index. He estimated the probability of different share price movements over time by using a frequency distribution of historical changes in the weekly market index, and assumed weekly changes were independently drawn from a normal distribution with a mean of + 0.5 and a standard deviation of 5.0. He concluded that changes in security prices behaved as if they had been generated by a simple chance model .The fundamental concept behind random walk theory is that competition in perfect markets would remove excess economic profits, except from those parties who exercised some degree of market monopoly. This meant that a trader with specialized information about future events could profit from the monopolistic access to information, but that fundamental and technical analysts who rely on p ast information should not expect to have speculative gains.From the empirical evidence and theory of random walks arose the theory of efficient markets. Fama (1970, 1976) gives out the details of the early literature on both the theoretical and empirical foundations of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis, whilst Cuthbertson (1996) summarizes the latest research developments. While EMH has empirical findings in respect of aspects like market perfection and information availability when combined with practices like trading platform and transaction costs may produce only marginal and well calculated opportunities for speculative gains; many other economists have quoted the existence of stock market bubbles. A bubble is generally defined by the economists as a deviation from stock market fundamentals; whereas Kindleberger reckons a bubble as an upward price movement over an extended range that tends to implode (Kindleberger 1996). By the same analogy an extended negative bubble is a crash . The existence of such situations has immediate

Care of Sick Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Care of Sick Children - Essay Example This entails that the care continues even if the child does not receive direct treatment for the diagnosed disease. Health professionals are entitled to evaluate and alleviate a number of issues relating to the child. These issues include physical and psychological well-being of the concerned child. Moreover, medical professionals are also entitled to consider the social distress of the affected child. In order to have an effective palliative care, it requires application of a multidisciplinary approach. This means that in palliative care, the family of the child is supposed to make their contribution and be ready to assist with available resources. However, palliative care also takes place even if there are limited resources. Another significant issue is that palliative care can be provided in various areas. These areas include various tertiary care facilities and public health centers. Palliative care can also be provided in the affected children’s home. There is close conne ction of palliative care with a child’s death. Death tends to be the only issue that hampers application of and access of palliative care to children. However, even with the occurrence of the death, palliative care is entitled to take place as one of the components of treatments. Through palliative care, children and their families get the opportunity of having a new hope for the life of the affected. Palliative care also helps in preparing the families for the worst that might occur any time, which in this case is death. Challenges that nurses encounter when implementing palliative care to children The child’s awareness and understanding of their dying One of the main challenges that tend to affect nurses when implementing palliative care to children is stress (McCloskey et al., 233). Many people often consider the death of a child as unnatural event. This mentality contributes in making many of the nurses to be psychologically affected knowing that the affected child may succumb to death any time. Stress also comes because of the demanding responsibilities associated with caring for children with terminal illnesses (O'Leary 435). Mostly, these responsibilities contribute in making anticipatory anxiety to nurses when addressing the needs of these children. Newly employed nurses into this field are the one who seem to be mostly affected with the issue of stress. This is because they are in most cases practically unfamiliar with the psychological situation that these children and their parents go through. The other main challenge associated with implementing palliative care to children is uncertainty of prognosis. Prognostication refers or in most cases is acknowledged as the employment of inaccurate medical science in adult palliative care (O'Leary 435). However, this issue is mostly more complicated and challenging in children compared to adults. Most of the children affected with this condition are those with non-malignant disease (Junger et al ., 6). There are cases where some children with terminal illnesses have lived beyond the estimation of prognosis. In such cases, the affected children have apparently lived in various terminal phases (O'Leary 435). This has resulted to health professionals or nurses revisiting the various addressed issues now and then. Some of these issues include artificial hydration and nutrition. They also tend to check on appropriateness of further investigations of which is a challenge

International marketing and communication Essay

International marketing and communication - Essay Example Globalization has resulted in increased pressure on the firms to achieve global competitive advantage. Automotive industry has recently witnessed large scale consolidation of organization resulting in mergers and acquisitions to capitalize the strengths of each market and organization. Most of the organizations in the automobile industry are doing business offshore. Automobile manufacturing contributes to 10% of the world GDP. Canadian Automobile industry also contributes significantly in the regional GDP. With WTO policies of free trade there is no more legislation in Canada which supports the BIG three of the US automobile industry. Many non-American firms such as Japanese have already entered Canadian market. Peugeot already has its existence in the Canadian market with their motorbikes. With fluctuating oil prices, growing environmental concerns and the expected forecast of growth the time is ripe for Peugeot to enter Canadian market with its full range of products. Peugeot has a competitive edge in the Canadian market with already developed distribution system. A large population of Canada speaks French so a French company will get some favors from the consumers. Contents Introduction 4 Market Characteristics 5 Market Review 6 SLEPT Analysis 6 Social 7 Political 7 Economical 7 Technological 8 Legal 8 Industry Climate Significant New Trends 8 French Automobile Industry 9 Situational Analysis 9 Current products 10 Existing Segments 10 Current Pricing 11 Current Distribution 11 Current Media and Communications 12 Objectives 12 Objectives for the Organizations 13 Objectives for the product/services 14 Objectives for Target market 14 Implementation 14 Segmentation 14 Positioning 15 Standardization VS Adaptation 15 Communication 16 Future Research 16 Bibliography 18 Introduction The Canadian car manufacturing industry is very huge with total revenue of $ 18.1 billion in 2010. In the recent past the growth has been negative. The compound annual rate of change (CA RC) for the total revenue is -2.7% for the period 2006-2010. Total production along with the revenue has also declines in the same period and the CARC for the production volume of the industry is -2.8%. The total production volume in 2010 was 1,272,825 units. The picture is still not all that gloomy and that is the reason for my selection of this industry. The forecasts for the industry are encouraging. An upward trend is expected. For the next five years i.e. till 2015 the industry is expected to accelerate and grow. The forecast is a positive CARC although a little low at 0.4%. With this CARC the industry is expected to grow to a value of $18.4 billion by the end of 2015. 1(Data monitor, 2011) Peugeot has long history in France. Armond Peugeot launched the first quadricycle oil in 1890. Since then there has been no looking back for Peugeot. The second French manufacturer in early 1970’s developed partnership with Renault/Volvo, Fiat or BMW. This change in management led to the creation of Citroen PSA Peugeot-Citroen. Brand strengthened and the company has expanded globally. Peugeot has a distinctive history of providing elegant and unconventional designs. Peugeot 401 and 601 Eclipse shinned in 1934 with unconventional design of retractable rooftop designed by legendary Georges Paulin. It became such a success that it was preceded by a long queue of innovative and luxurious

Care of Sick Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Care of Sick Children - Essay Example This entails that the care continues even if the child does not receive direct treatment for the diagnosed disease. Health professionals are entitled to evaluate and alleviate a number of issues relating to the child. These issues include physical and psychological well-being of the concerned child. Moreover, medical professionals are also entitled to consider the social distress of the affected child. In order to have an effective palliative care, it requires application of a multidisciplinary approach. This means that in palliative care, the family of the child is supposed to make their contribution and be ready to assist with available resources. However, palliative care also takes place even if there are limited resources. Another significant issue is that palliative care can be provided in various areas. These areas include various tertiary care facilities and public health centers. Palliative care can also be provided in the affected children’s home. There is close conne ction of palliative care with a child’s death. Death tends to be the only issue that hampers application of and access of palliative care to children. However, even with the occurrence of the death, palliative care is entitled to take place as one of the components of treatments. Through palliative care, children and their families get the opportunity of having a new hope for the life of the affected. Palliative care also helps in preparing the families for the worst that might occur any time, which in this case is death. Challenges that nurses encounter when implementing palliative care to children The child’s awareness and understanding of their dying One of the main challenges that tend to affect nurses when implementing palliative care to children is stress (McCloskey et al., 233). Many people often consider the death of a child as unnatural event. This mentality contributes in making many of the nurses to be psychologically affected knowing that the affected child may succumb to death any time. Stress also comes because of the demanding responsibilities associated with caring for children with terminal illnesses (O'Leary 435). Mostly, these responsibilities contribute in making anticipatory anxiety to nurses when addressing the needs of these children. Newly employed nurses into this field are the one who seem to be mostly affected with the issue of stress. This is because they are in most cases practically unfamiliar with the psychological situation that these children and their parents go through. The other main challenge associated with implementing palliative care to children is uncertainty of prognosis. Prognostication refers or in most cases is acknowledged as the employment of inaccurate medical science in adult palliative care (O'Leary 435). However, this issue is mostly more complicated and challenging in children compared to adults. Most of the children affected with this condition are those with non-malignant disease (Junger et al ., 6). There are cases where some children with terminal illnesses have lived beyond the estimation of prognosis. In such cases, the affected children have apparently lived in various terminal phases (O'Leary 435). This has resulted to health professionals or nurses revisiting the various addressed issues now and then. Some of these issues include artificial hydration and nutrition. They also tend to check on appropriateness of further investigations of which is a challenge

Nursing theory and its application in nursing practice Research Paper

Nursing theory and its application in nursing practice - Research Paper Example eory is essentially a description of how culture care is an essential part of a nurse’s understanding of patients, and how a myriad of cultural factors can improve the care that a patient receives (Leininger, 1988). The main definitions acquired from the theory are care, cultural practices, wellness, and illness; all the factors that influence the health of an individual. The relationships put forward by Leininger indicate that a nurse’s understanding of the cultural care received by a patient goes a long way in determining the rate at which a patient acquires wellness from illness. An appraisal of the theory indicates that it is simple enough to understand, since the factors presented in the theory are interrelated and linked. The arguments presented in the theory are clear for nurses and what they need to do to improve the health of their patients. The theory can be generalized to include all classes of patients, including all illnesses, since the cultural practices applied are universal. This theory can be considered contagious for many classes of students, researchers, administrators and all the players in the health industry. The above assumption lies in the fact that the theory is generally applicable in most fields of health care, and can be used interchangeably with other nursing theories to find the best solution for illnesses. The administrators in the nursing field, especially administrative nurses, can use the points mentioned in the theory to improve both in-patient and outpatient care, since the cultural care practices mentioned in the theory are universal. The usefulness of the theory is found in the applicability to different nursing models, since it presents a rational outlook for both practice and research. This assumption is arrived at after considering the importance of a deeper understanding of patients’ needs and backgrounds, which indicate the importance of extra care. For a patient’s illness to be cured, a nurse has to apply the

Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Early Childhood Education Essay After obtaining a bachelors degree in marketing five years ago I never imagined myself going back to school and trying to pursue a masters degree in early childhood education. Every since I can think back to my childhood I have had so many great teachers. I have always value them not only as an educator but as a strong and compassionate individual. My interest in education began with my daughter, and spending a great amount of time as a parent volunteer in her classroom. In the classroom is where I developed a passion for working with kids, and helping them learn in a creative manner. I feel that children bring out the best in me. As a parent and educator I find myself not just a person who nurtures and cares for children, but someone who is excited to see children learn. I have taught my children how to be someone with good morals and ethics. I have helped them view education in most positive way. I strong believe that the early years of a childs life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children the future of our society get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. Two factors have contributed to my decision to pursue my education at the graduate level. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or admistative coordinator at a preschool. In addition, I seek further education in order to refine and improve my level of knowledge and skills educating young children. I feel that graduate school will enable me to discuss and research contemporary issues that are of chief importance to an educator practicing in todays society. 2. How do you perceive the process of graduate study in early childhood education helping you attain your personal and professional goals? The process of graduate study in early childhood education will strengthen my ability to lead as a director in quality programs in early childhood education. It will provide me with the tools and skills need to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perseve the importance of theories used in early childhood education. It will give me a chance to explore and apply those theories and practices used in a classroom setting. Third, the process of graduate study will help me gain knowledge so I can effectively conduct research studies pertaining to young children. Some studies which I am egger to conducted are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children though play can help children enjoy learnering. My personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education are, it will help me be able to understand and perceive social and cognitive development of my own children. It strengthen my relationship with my children and with children in general and, make it easier to perceive there way of thinking. 3. In what ways do you plan to make a contribution to the profession of early childhood education? As a profession of early childhood education a plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children. I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned though graduate program and apply into the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. 4. What are your expectations from the Masters program in Early Childhood Education at California State University, Long Beach? First of all I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Masters program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned though out the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate that research into a preschool setting. It will broaden my understanding about the importance of cultural diversity in a classroom setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas which I can possible specialize in. The masters program will give me a chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Thinking back to my childhood, I have had many great teachers. I have always valued them not only as educators but as strong and compassionate individuals. I have helped them view education in the most positive way. I strongly believe that the early years of a childs life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children, the future of our society, get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or administrative coordinator at a preschool. It will provide me with the tools and skills needed to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, and day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perceive the importance of theories used in early childhood education. Some studies which I am eager to conduct are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children through play can help them enjoy learning. The personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education include understanding and perceiving social and cognitive development in my own children, strengthening my relationship with my children and with children in general and, making it easier to perceive their way of thinking. This sounds rather repetitive; you are overusing perceive and being a little too general here. As a professional in early childhood education, I plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children. I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned through my graduate program and apply it to the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. Again, this is rather vague. First of all, I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Masters program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are that it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned throughout the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate it into a preschool setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas in which I can specialize. The masters program will give me the chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Try to come up with some more specific goals. When you are vague, it makes it sound as if you really dont know much about the field you want to specialize in. You might want to read some articles about issues in early childhood education what is controversial in the field? what is cutting edge? and include some information you have gained from your reading, to show that you are well-versed in this area.

The Influence Of Martin Luther King Jr Cultural Studies Essay

The Influence Of Martin Luther King Jr Cultural Studies Essay Martin Luther King, Jr., a Baptist preacher born months before the crash of 1929 that led the Great Depression, is perhaps best known for leading this country to end segregation. After years of nonviolent struggle, including boycotting buses in Montgomery, and a march on Washington, King gave a speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial that changed the world. Many scholars believe that Kings speech was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. I believe the inspiration came from sources much closer to home. The Declaration of Independence, by Abraham Lincoln, and the Bible are the sources that I believe to have fundamentally inspired Martin Luther Kings speech, I Have a Dream. As a child raised in a middle-class neighborhood, King had more privileges than most of his peers. He was heavily influenced by his father, a preacher, and his mother, a teacher. He had mild run-ins with segregation in his childhood. He was forced to attend school separate from his childhood friends and eventually, he and his friends were no longer allowed to play together. From the research of his life, there appears to be one event that made a lasting impression upon King. After a speech competition in Valdosta, Georgia, King had received a second place prize, but his victory was short-lived. During the long bus ride home, the blacks were made to stand so that white riders could sit. It seemed that even though the Civil War ended in 1865, over 80 years later the black man was not much further along than in the days directly following the war. It makes me wonder were Lincolns efforts on the part of the slave all in vain? On August 28, 1963, King began his speech with the same four words as Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address; perhaps this was to remind us of Lincolns shared vision. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. This reference to Lincolns speech is perhaps more meaningful since King was speaking in front of the Lincoln Memorial during this address. History states that Lincolns authority and position were granted to him by the Declaration of Independence. In that document, our founding fathers declared, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. By reminding the listeners, including the millions watching his speech on television, King hoped to jump-start his audiences minds in to agreement with him by joining his argument with those of the founding fathers and Abraham Lincoln. King uses the agreement with the founding fathers and Lincoln to strengthen his civil and legal argument as basis to his premise that things were not yet as they should be. To strengthen his moral argument further, and perhaps most interestingly, King seems to have numerous biblical references within the text of his speech. This should not be that surprising, given that he had been the son of a preacher and preacher himself since the age of 17. However, it seems important that the first opportunity for a black man to address the nation for all of the wrongs done to his people, that King decided to quote from the bible. King chose to take the high road in this speech. He could have ridiculed America for its treatment of black men and women, but instead he reminded us all to relinquish the cup of hostility by saying, Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. This phrase reminds us of Jeremiah 2:13: For my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water. He reminds us of our history, our past release from captivity, referring to slavery, but he is encouraging us not to choose hatred and return to bondage. Kings words, It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. refer to the promise of Psalms 30:5: For his anger is but for a moment; his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. While it seems that the Lord has been angry with us, by allowing our continued oppression, King says to America, he reminds us that we are not finished. That although the chains of captivity may have been lifted by Lincoln, they are not yet removed. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream, refers to Amos 5:24, But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream. Kings then offers up a vision that all the listeners and viewers by television can grasp, I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together, is almost a direct quote of Isaiah 40:4-5: Every valley shall be exalted, and very mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. King closed his speech by applying the inspiring words of Galations 3:28, And when this happens, . . . we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, free at last, free at last, thank God Almighty, Im free at last. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. Martin Luther King, Jr. helped right a nation. Given the chance to cast stones, he chose instead to cast a vision. A vision that one day men and women in America would actually one day be equal and free to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. This vision is not new. Our Biblical history tells us that Jesus cast the same vision before us thousands of years ago. Throughout the bible, God gave his people a choice between life and death. By standing on the promises of the Declaration of Independence, the actions of Abraham Lincoln, and the tenets of the bible, Kings speech, I Have a Dream speech simply reminded us to choose life, to appreciate life, and to respect our brothers and sisters no matter their race or creed.

Emotion and Memory of the Holocaust Essays -- Historical Knowledge of

In the aftermath of the Jewish Holocaust, an outpouring of eyewitness accounts by both survivors and perpetrators has surfaced as historical evidence. For many, this has determined what modern popular culture remembers about this atrocious event. Emotion obviously plays a vital role in the accounts of the survivors, yet can it be considered when discussing the historical significance of the murder of six million European Jews by the Third Reich? Emotion is the expression of thoughts and beliefs affected by feeling and sensibility of an individual regarding a certain event or individual. In terms of the Holocaust, emotion is overwhelmingly prevalent in the survivors’ tales of their experiences, conveyed in terms of life, death, and survival. As scholars often point out, the Holocaust evokes strong sentiments, and transmits and reinforces basic societal values. Through in-depth observation of various forms of media sources, this paper will argue that emotion and the lack thereof, as a repercussion of the Holocaust, through the testimonies of those who survived its trials and tribulations, has played an enormous role in determining historical knowledge of the genocide. In analyzing the stories which survivors of the concentration camps and their perpetrators have put forth as historical evidence supporting the findings of scholars, one must pose the question: where does fact end and emotional distortion of the subject begin? It is critical to approach this question with great care, so as to note that not all historical accounts of the Holocaust by survivors and perpetrators are laden with emotional input and a multilayered interpretation of the event. In her acclaimed article â€Å"Memory, Distortion, and History in the... ...e Museum.†. History and Theory, Volume 36, Number 4, Theme Issue 36. December 1997 8. Greenspan, Henry. On Listening to Holocaust Survivors. Westport, Ct. Praeger Publishers. 1998. 9. Kramer, Stanley. Judgement at Nuremberg. 1961. 10. Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz. New York, N.Y. Touchstone. 1996. 11. Lewy, Guenter. The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. Oxford, England. Oxford University Press. 2000. 12. Spielberg, Steven. Survivors of the Holocaust. 1996. 13. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/learn 14. Wiesel, Elie. Night. United States of America. Bantam Publishing Group. 1958. 15. Wyszogrod, Morris. A Brush with Death. Albany, N.Y. State University of New York Press. 1999. 16. Young, James. â€Å"Toward a Received History of the Holocaust.† History and Theory, Volume 36, Number 4, Theme Issue 36. December 1997.

Laser Gingivectomy And Gingivoplasty Health And Social Care Essay

It is rather common to observe chronic inflammatory Gingival giantisms during and/or station orthodontic intervention. Sometimes the giantisms may even potentially complicate and/or interrupt orthodontic intervention. With the debut of soft tissue optical masers these jobs can now be addressed more easy. Amongst many LASERS now available in Dentistry DIODE LASERS seem to be most ideal for orthodontic soft tissue applications. As newer interventions herald into minimally invasive techniques, DIODE LASERS are going more promising both in patient satisfaction and dentist satisfaction. Keywords: Gingival giantism, LASERS, DIODE, Compliance.IntroductionIt is rather common to observe chronic inflammatory Gingival giantisms during and/or station orthodontic intervention. Sometimes the giantisms may even potentially complicate and/or interrupt orthodontic intervention. In malice of frequent patient instruction and motive of the patient sing unwritten hygiene, it ‘s rather common to see patients developing gingival over growings because of hapless conformity and complicated orthodontic contraption designs. Conventionally surgical gingival giantisms are treated by Gingivoplasty or Gingivectomy utilizing Surgical knifes & A ; Blades. After development of soft tissue LASERS ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ) patients conventional techniques are replaced by LASER Gingivoplasty & A ; Gingivectomy. The possible advantages of LASERS include: Minimized intra operative hemorrhage, Less runing clip, Faster mending, Less postoperative hurting and puf finess, Good patient credence and easiness for orthodontist to restart back to intervention fast1-4. This article presents instance studies of successfully treated gingival giantisms with Diode LASERS. Degree of gingival giantisms can be scored as5 Grade 0: No marks of gingival giantism. Grade 1: Giantism confined to Interdental papilla. Grade 2: Giantism involves papilla and fringy gingival. Grade 3: Giantism covers three quarters or more of the Crown.Case 1A 19 twelvemonth old female patient was referred from Department of Orthodontics to Department of Periodontology after her orthodontic intervention for rectification of Gingival symmetricalness. Clinical scrutiny revealed Grade II Gingival Overgrowths in relation to Maxillary & A ; Mandibular front tooths. Patient besides has important physiological melanin pigmentation of affiliated Gingiva, Marginal Gingiva and Inderdental papilla ( Figure:1 ) . After appropriate patient instruction she was enrolled for Phase I periodontal therapy. After four hebdomads of callback there were no important alterations in the Gingival symmetricalness. Then patient was treated with Diode LASERS and Gingivoplasty and melanin depigmentation of Maxillary anterior Gingiva was performed. Post operatively patient was rather satisfied with both gingival symmetricalness and gingival coloring material ( Figure:2 ) .Case 2A 16 twelvemonth old Fem ale was referred from Orthodontics section to Department of Periodontology during her active intervention stage for appraisal of Gingival status. Clinical scrutiny revealed generalised gingival expansions along with generalised hemorrhage on examining. Orthodontist was advised to take the arch wires and molar sets. After patient was explained about her gingival status and the intervention, she was enrolled for Phase I therapy. After for hebdomads the Phase I therapy consequences were evaluated and farther determination was made to rectify the residuary Grade II gingival giantisms by Diode LASERS ( Figure: 3 ) . After Diode LASER Gingivoplasty gingival architecture was reverted to normal ( Figure: 4 ) . Orthodontic therapy was resumed after 2 hebdomads of equal healing.Case 3A 18 twelvemonth old female patient was referred to Periodontology section amid her Orthodontic intervention. Intra unwritten scrutiny revealed Grade II type Gingival Overgrowth in relation to Maxillary front too ths and 2nd bicuspids. Orthodontist was advised to take off the arch wire and patient was enrolled for Phase I periodontal therapy. After rating of stage I consequences the determination was made to rectify gingival giantisms by Diode LASERS. Gingival giantism rectification and melanin depigmentation of maxillary anterior gingival was done using Diode LASERS. Orthodontic therapy was resumed after 2 hebdomads of equal healing.DiscussionImproper unwritten hygiene leads to plaque accretions and subsequent periodontal jobs and caries6. With fixed orthodontic contraptions and patients ‘ improper unwritten hygiene patterns can compromise the orthodontic intervention outcomes7. In longterm orthodontias interventions merely a 50 % conformity rate has been noted8. Factors which can act upon conformity include: patient features, intervention continuance and complexness, Dentist and patient relationship and educational and behavioural intercessions used9-13. Orthodontists are often challenged by soft tissue jobs associated with intervention. Most frequent challenges include gingival giantisms and gingival dissymmetry that can turn even good treated instance into 1 that falls short aesthetically. Conventional surgical gingivolplasties and gingivectomies have built-in patient related jobs like: Surgical injury, station operatve hurting and puffiness, hapless patient credence etc. With the debut of soft tissue optical masers these jobs can now be addressed more easy. Amongst many LASERS now available in Dentistry DIODE LASERS seem to be most ideal for orthodontic soft tissue applications14 ( Table: 1 ) . DIODE LASERS are most ideal because of built-in advantages like16: Sole intent is soft tissue remotion No hazard of harm to next tooth Structure Excellent haemostasis Dry-field operation Light contact of the fiber tip with tissue Proprioceptive feedback Portability Incorporation of DIODE LASERS in orthodontists ‘ office besides helps to undertake with other soft tissue jobs like17-20: Aesthetic gingival recontouring, Soft tissue Crown prolongation, Exposure of soft-tissue impacted dentitions Removal of inflamed and hypertrophic tissue and Frenectomies Tissue remotion at the site for miniscrewDecisionWith the coming of low strength Soft tissue specific LASERS like DIODE, managing the soft tissue related ailments has become more ease and honoring. As newer interventions herald into minimally invasive techniques, DIODE LASERS are going more promising both in patient satisfaction and dentist satisfaction.

How was the Gupta Empire (India) scientifically advanced Essay

When thinking back to the Gupta Empire in India, one might remember the famous works of literature, or perhaps the vast lands conquered by the great rulers of the time. But it would be imprudent to ignore the influential achievements made in the areas of science, medicine, mathematics, and astronomy that made the empire scientifically advanced. Many people fail to realize that countless things mistaken for solely modern-day science, for example, plastic surgery, existed centuries ago. Here, the technologies of the Gupta Empire (320-467), such as the development of a more accurate value for pi, the perfection of the modern numeral and decimal system; surgery, inoculation, the formulation of medical guides and a better calendar; and lunar astronomy, will be discussed in detail. First we will deal with the area of mathematics. One of the most recognized achievements of the Gupta period was the highly accurate calculation of pi, made by the renowned mathematician Aryabhata. Before this time, pi, the value that explained the relationships between the area, circumference, diameter, radius, and volume of circles and spheres, was frequently represented by Indian mathematicians as three, or the square root of ten. (Although both of these values are far from accurate, the fact that the civilization had a knowledge of geometry and mathematical relationships is proof of scientific advancement, especially when one compares it to Europe, which in the eleventh century still had no knowledge of mathematics.) Aryabhata calculated pi to the fourth decimal place at a value of 3.1416. Aryabhata also studied and improved other concepts of mathematics; for example, he determined the rule for the area of isosceles triangles and researched algebraic identities and intermediate equations. His work can be observed in the Gitikapanda, a book which includes a trigonometrical sine table, rules for extracting square and cube roots, the concepts of spheres, pyramids and other plane figures, concepts of interest, the rule of three, and fractions, as well as the principles mentioned previously that pertain to him. All of these ideas can be found in modern-day science, which shows their great influence. Another prominent Indian mathematician of the Gupta period was Brahmagupta, who systemized the rules of astronomy, arithmetic, algebra, and geometry and  published his works in the Brahmasphuta-Siddhanta and ‘Khandakhadyaka.’ Other mathematical knowledge that had its foundations with Indian mathematicians were the so-called â€Å"Arabic† numerals and the decimal system, as well as the concept of zero and symbol for infinity, all of which previously did not exist. The number system that Gupta mathematicians devised was based on ten, and was the first of its kind. After a period of time, it was passed on to the Muslims of Baghdad, and then to the Europeans, which is why it is referred to as Arabic, though it really had its origins in India. Indian medicine was also remarkably advanced. Indian doctors of the Gupta period knew how to perform surgery, including plastic surgery to repair injured ears and noses–something thought of exclusively as new-age medicine and only recently perfected in the United States–and were experienced in setting broken bones. Furthermore, their surgical methods were quite sophisticated, as they knew to sterilize their tools before and after usage in order to prevent the spread of diseases and to keep a level of hygiene. More proof of their advancement in medicine comes from their philosophy of it; like ancient Greek doctors, as well as the doctors of today, the doctors of the Gupta Empire used an ethical code similar to the Hippocratic oath, in which they pledged to be honest and moral in their practice of medicine. Indian doctors were the first to give inoculations to prevent diseases, and were well ahead of their European peers, who did not give vaccines for another 1,000 years. Their cowpox vaccine was helpful in preventing epidemics of the fatal smallpox disease, and they even had free hospitals in which to administer it. Ironically, this is perhaps more progressive than today’s society, where free hospitals are considered an unreachable ideal. As well as advanced surgery and inoculations, the Indians of the Gupta Empire possessed medical guides much like those of today, such as the Bower Manuscript and the Hatyayurveda. These manuals contained information on things such as medicinal plants, prescriptions, diseases and children’s medicines. In total, â€Å"†¦these works classified more than 1,000 diseases and  described [the properties of] more than 500 medicinal plants,† such as garlic, a lotion that promoted eyesight, oils from trees, etc. There was even information on animal disease treatment! For these reasons, the Indians from the Gupta period were extremely advanced in their knowledge of medicine and treatment of ailments. Another area of science that flourished during the Gupta Empire was astronomy. The partial cause of acquired knowledge pertaining to it was the increase in trade, because while at sea, sailors used the stars to find their positions. Knowledge of astronomy also increased because of the work of Aryabhata, the mathematician previously mentioned. He was the first to tell that the earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun, and that lunar eclipses were caused by the shadow of the earth falling on the moon. He even founded his own mathematical-astronomical school and wrote a book on astronomy, called the Aryabhatiya. Thus, scientists of the Gupta period were knowledgeable even of such complex areas of science as astronomy. With an increased knowledge of astronomy, scientists were able to keep better time, basing their calendars on the cycles of the sun, appropriating a seven-day week, and breaking each day into hours, as is the way with Western timekeeping. Aryabhata had calculated the length of the solar year to 365.3586805 days, which is very close to modern measurements made by an atomic clock–thus the calendars of the time were accurate. Another well-known astronomer from the Gupta age was Varahamahira, who in the sixth century wrote the Panchasiddhantika, which summarized other astronomical works, and the Brihat samhita, an encyclopedia of astronomy and other sciences. Paired with the work of Aryabhata, Gupta knowledge of astronomy was ample. The people of the Gupta Empire were technologically very well developed. They had a great knowledge of medicine, astronomy, and mathematics, had an accurate value for pi, knew how to perform plastic surgery and administer inoculations, understood the stars, and were far ahead of other areas, such as Europe. Their advancements were a representation of an excelled and  sparkling civilization that will be remembered for centuries to come by scientists and philosophers alike. Bibliography Beck, Roger B. (et al). World History: Patterns of Interaction. McDougal Littel. Boston. 1999. This textbook provided quality information that was relevant to the topic and accurate when compared to other sources. Binongo, Jose Nilo. â€Å"Randomness, Statistics, and Pi.† Proquest. online. Internet. 1 June 2002. The source was not relevant to the topic, as it pertained to modern estimations of pi, but was interesting and of good quality. The website through which I obtained it was helpful and easy to use. Cajori, Florian, Ph. D. A History of Mathematics. Macmillan. New York. 1924. The book gave good information on general advancements that were made in India, but did not state periods, which made the information difficult to navigate. However, the information was accurate and easy to read. Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad. History of Science and Technology in Ancient India. Firma Klm Private Limited. Calcutta. 1991. The majority of the book focused on very early advancements that took place long before the Gupta period, but there was some valuable information at the end on the topic. â€Å"Gupta.† Encyclopedia.com. online. Internet. 7 May 2002. The information, though accurate and relevant, was not specific enough to really help. Jaggi, O.P. Dawn of Indian Science: Volume Two. Atma Ram & Sons. Delhi. 1969. The information was irrelevant to the time period as well as inconsistent with the other sources. Jain, Nem Kumar, M. Sc. Science and Scientists in India. Indian Book Gallery. Delhi. 1982. The book was helpful in identifying names of people and their achievements, but had very little information on the topic otherwise. Krieger, Larry S. (et al). World History: Perspectives on the Past. McDougal Littel. Boston. 1997. The textbook gave a general overview of the information but did not go into specifics. However it was accurate, relevant, and helped spark interest in the topic. Langer, William L. (ed.). An Encyclopedia of World History. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 1968. The information was relevant and accurate, but not specific. It did, however, provide some interesting new details that were not known previously. Mookerji, R. K. The Gupta Empire. Shri Jainendra Press. Delhi. 1969. The information was relevant and accurate when compared to other sources. It was well-organized and provided useful information of the topic. Papanek, John L. (ed. et al). Ancient India: Land of Mystery. Time-Life Books. Virginia. 1994. The information was accurate and somewhat relevant to the topic. It was a little difficult to follow, but did provide some good information. Ronan, Colin A. Science: Its History and Development Among the World’s Cultures. Facts on File Publications. New York. 1982. The information was interesting and relevant, but badly organized, as it did not provide specific dates. Also, it did not go into great enough detail. Saran, Santosh and Ravindra N. Singh. History of Science and Technology During Gupta Period. Prachi Prakashan. New Delhi. 1994. The source contained some relevant information in the beginning that was accurate and of good quality. It gave specific information on areas usually ignored, such as animal medicine. Smith, Vincent A. The Early History of India. Oxford University Press. England. 1924. The book was not very relevant to the topic, but helped clarify previous information with dates.